Wednesday, July 31, 2019

Should the Uk Leave the Eu?

Nikolai Cremo Understanding the European Union Professor Eiko Thielemann October 14th, 2012 Should the UK remain a member of the European Union? The issue of whether or not the United Kingdom should remain a member of the European Union has been debated heavily over the past decade, with the debate heating up even more from the current European Sovereign Debt Crisis. Recent polls of the UK population showed that around half of the UK’s citizens would vote to pull out of the EU if it went to referendum.However, after all of the economic, political, and social advantages of being a member of the EU are considered, it remains clear that leaving the EU is not in the UK’s best interest. Economically, it does not make sense for the UK to leave the world’s largest trade block considering the EU buys fifty percent of the UK’s exports, at a time when the UK’s current account deficit is at one of its all-time highs.Additionally, the UK would lose its allure a s being a hotspot for Foreign Direct Investment, as they would no longer give companies access to the single market, further contributing to the UK’s growing imbalance of payments. Ultimately this could be detrimental to the value of the British pound, and even worse, cause the UK to lose its position as the financial center of Europe. The UK giving up its decision-making influence in the EU would not likely result in the UK seeing trade polices pass that make this debated exit any easier.From a social perspective the citizens of the UK would lose the highly valued privilege to seamlessly travel, attend school, live, and retire anywhere throughout the EU. After all of these factors are made clear, especially the negative financial factors, the economic impact of a UK exit would triumph over any negative sentiment associated with staying a member of the EU. The most powerful factor marrying the UK to the EU is the undeniable economic dependence the UK has on the world’s largest trading block.The fifty percent of UK exports that goes to the countries of the EU would become much less competitive with trade barriers, which would then raise the necessity for many UK exporters to either lower their prices, or decrease their output to meet the fallen demand of their goods. Additionally, due to the nature of the goods the UK trades with its EU partners, it would not easily substitute this trade with non-EU countries (Oxford 24).According to simple economic theory, this would ultimately decrease the amount of money the UK receives for its exports, as the amount the tariff increases the price of UK goods will ultimately have to be born by the UK company exporting it, and any price increase not born by the UK company will lead to a decrease in exports demanded by the EU. Therefore, a major piece of the British economy would face severe hardship on the basis of the UK not being a member of the free trade block. Another area of the UK’s economy that wo uld be adversely affected by the removal of the EU free trade block is Foreign Direct Investments (FDI) in the UK.The UK is seen as many non-EU countries as the gateway to European market penetration, and this view would ultimately change if the UK left the EU. FDI has an important role in the UK economy, as it has been a consistent source of job growth of 50,000-60,000 jobs a year, while providing protection to another 40,000 jobs each year (Oxford 43). In addition to creating jobs, FDI is known to fuel innovation and competition, as it incorporates the advances in technologies that have been proved successful in other countries.By leaving the EU, the FDI of non-EU countries would relocate their base of operations to European markets to a country within the EU, and out of the UK, and all further FDI intended to reap the gains of the largest trading block would more than likely invest in an EU country. This not only inhibits job growth directly, but also widens the gap of the UKâ₠¬â„¢s balance of payments, which would have to either be filled through issuing more currency (inflation), a devaluation of the currency.Similar to notion that the UK would lose out on FDI, the UK’s position as the financial center of Europe would be inherently weakened by the UK being outside the EU. It is clear that many countries and companies are invested in the UK because of its links to EU, where they have access to 500 million consumers. For starters, companies would move to other financial powerhouses of Europe such as Frankfurt or Brussels, in order to avoid EU tariffs and conform to EU regulations (Oxford 48).Secondly, the EU would implement programs to shift the European financial center to another financial center within their union such Frankfurt or Brussels. Any measures that the UK could take to prevent this would certainly be their best interest, as financial services makes up ten percent of their GDP. Additionally, the portfolio investments that the UK receiv es from being the financial center of Europe would flow out of the country at the same rate as London loses its position as the financial center, and these currently represent a ? 5 billion surplus to the UK balance of payments (Open Europe. This is another crucial piece of the balance of payments within the UK, and would lead to the aforementioned devaluation of the British pound, or inflation, or a combination of both to balance out trade deficit of the country. While the strongest benefits of staying in the EU stem from economic benefits, the political benefits of an influential member of the union are not to be overlooked.Given that UK is in a four way tie of having the highest number of votes in the Council under the Nice Treaty, and their voting power wil be sustained by having the third largest population in the EU once the Libson Treaty comes into effect in late 2014 (Hixx 65). This gives the UK a strong position to influence the long-term goals of the Council, where they wi ll be able to seek compromises with other EU states to pursue legislation that is in the UK’s best interest, and to project the UK’s interests (Open Europe).While if they were outside of the EU, they would not have any ability to directly influence the policies of the EU that have helped them in the past. For example, Tony Blair using his influence in the European Council to launch the Libson Agenda for economic reform, is a example of British intervention that not only benefited the UK, but the entire EU as well (Lake). Additionally, being tied for the second highest number of MEPs in the European Parliament (EP), the UK has an influential role on all of the decisions that go through the EP.Despite the fact the social benefits of EU membership are often overshadowed by the economic and political aspects, the loss of these benefits would negatively impair the freedom of the UK people, and negatively impact UK businesses. The free movement of UK citizens throughout the EU to travel, to attend school, live, and retire. Businesses do not only benefit by having to follow one set of regulations, but also benefit from having a larger source of potential employees to chose from.The EU employment rate in the UK is 3. 3%, while they make 4. 5% of the labor force, which shows that EU citizens have a positive impact on UK GDP (Oxford 34). If the UK were to leave the EU, there is a great possibility that many of the EU workers employed in highly skilled areas that are crucial to the UK economy, such as financial services, would relocate back inside the EU. This again would be another risk of severely impairing the bedrock of the UK economy, and shifting the financial center of Europe outside the UK.Based upon these economic, political, and social advantages of EU membership, it is clear that it is in the UK’s best interest to remain an active member in the EU. The direction of the EU is at another major crossroad as countries pull together to solve th e continents’ Sovereign Debt Crisis. The stance that the UK takes at these crossroads, as the union’s third largest country, is paramount not only to UK’s economic and political prosperity today, but to how UK is seen as a political force and financial hub in the long-term.The UK’s decision to abandon their economic and political partners has strong consequences now while the EU is in a time of hardship, and these consequences will only increase as the EU rises from this crisis. The failure of the UK to invest in their relationship with their European partners has a high probability to be detrimental to the economic wellbeing of the country, especially as these less developed countries are viewed as sources of future growth to the world financial markets.Thus, the British must adopt a more long-term view on their relationship with the EU, a view that they failed to see when declined to partake in the creation of EU by declining Treaties of Paris and Rome (George 32). I’ll conclude with a saying of the philosopher Santayana, which has been noted as a universal truth of investing by father of value investing, Benjamin Graham, that the UK should be reminded of before they further debate if they should opt out of the European integration yet again: â€Å"Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it. † Works Cited Oxford Economics, ed.An Indispensable Relationship: Economic Linkages between the UK and the Rest of the European Union. Rep. London: Business for New Europe, 2009. Print. Booth, Stephen, Christopher Howarth, Matts Persson, and Vincenzo Scarpetta. CONTINENTAL SHIFT: Safeguarding the UK’s Financial Trade in a Changing Europe. Rep. London: Open Europe, 2011. Print. Lake, Michael. Communicating the Lisbon Strategy – a Civic Challenge. Rep. N. p. : n. p. , 2006. Print. George, Stephen. â€Å"The Background: Britain and Europe, 1945-1973. †Ã‚  An Awkward Partner: Britain in the Eur opean Community. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1998. N. pag. Print.

Traits: Elections and Voters

Is it reasonable for voters to look at personality and character traits as a basis for judging candidates for public office? Elections place voters in an important decision making process. Whether it is a local election that is only community wide or a national election that could change the country, citizens must find a way to decide which candidate to vote for. Even for children under the age of 18 elections bring about a good way to learn about politics and the people and problems that affect the government. Voters too often judge candidates by slogans, name recognition, and public image. Because the media plays such a huge role in society it is hard for voters to move past a candidate’s image and to the inside of the candidate as an everyday person. However, this process is possible. Voters must simply decide what they are looking for in a candidate. Character traits play a huge role in how a candidate will do as an office holder. When voters think of leadership qualities, they need to think about the characteristics an effective leader would possess; like intelligence, honesty and an ability to communicate. A candidate who is selfish, non-intelligent, and reserved may not make a very good office holder. Character traits are not the only things voters must look at while deciding which candidate to support. Voters should gather information about the candidates and collect any records they can find on them. They should look at the candidates’ background and their experience and determine how prepared the candidate is for the job. They must observe the candidates’ campaigns and see if they give speeches to different groups, even those groups that may disagree with the candidates’ views on issues. After getting the information from campaigns and other sources, voters should learn what other people think about the candidates. Their opinions can help clarify the voters own views, but the voter must be careful to not discount their own informed judgments. They need to learn what has shaped others’ political opinions and should also look into campaign contributions to find out where the candidates get the funds to finance their campaigns. Whether they use their own money or raise funds from a few wealthy donors, from many small contributors or from Political Action Committees. Voters should also take a look at polls. Polls reveal who is leading at a certain point in the race. This information can be crucial for a candidate because it can increase support and contributions from people who want to be on the winning eam. There are numerous things voters must look at when deciding who to vote for in a public election. Character traits are certainly one of the most important things to look at. Judging a candidate on his or her character is one of the few things that cannot be obtained by an invalid source because voters analyze character traits themselves. However, traits are certainly not the only thing to look at. Analyzing traits is just one of the many processes voters must go through when seriously trying to pick the best candidate for the job.

Tuesday, July 30, 2019

Growth in this article

I am going to analyses the problem of economic growth in this article. As we are all aware, in the world we live in, there is this huge question everyone is trying to answer: â€Å"Is economic growth desirable – and most importantly- sustainable? † There are roughly two sides on this subject. Green-leftists, who are not supporters of the economic growth; and liberals who argue that prosperity will occur when economic growth exists. I want to go way back, in order to understand when economic growth started.Figure 1 According to the graph above, it started in the mid sass with the Industrial Revolution. It was a result of â€Å"mass production†, basically. Producing in mass amounts caused economic growth, this led to globalization, decrease of tariffs, international trade. As some people might argue, globalization is key for countries to have a strong economy. Globalization means that we can now solve our problems together and be heard by someone all across the wor ld. Globalization has helped several illnesses, as Alex Tabor -a Professor of Economics- puts it, â€Å"globalization saves lives†.Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 As we can see from Figure 2, life expectancy in 1800 was 40 in the UK where GAP per capita was around 3500 dollars, and about 27 in Cape Verve where GAP per capita was below 400 dollars. We can see from here that GAP per capita has a positive correlation with life expectancy, as years past, in 2012 as it is shown in Figure 3, same correlation applies. As Figure 4 clearly shows, child mortality has a negative correlation with GAP per capita. With economic growth, came better health care, wealth, technology, novelty, but that is Just one side of the story.Economic growth also brought environmental problems. Carbon emissions, pollution, global warming†¦ These are all world wide issues we have to deal with if we keep this track. First of all economics is the science of scarcity, as we can roughly describe it. So we have scarce resources, how do we keep growing? Most importantly, can we sustain this growth? Figure 5 (23. 12. 2013) As Figure 5 shows, we have limited resources, which we are running out of very quickly. This indicates that economic growth is not sustainable.Alex Tabor disagrees, he claims that incentives are key to ideas, and scarcity will be an incentive or everyone to invest in new energy systems. He believes that humanity has overcome many disasters and with the help of technology we can lower carbon emissions -even invent a machine that can absorber carbon from the atmosphere- and keep growing economically. Figure 6 Figure 6 indicates that there is a positive correlation between carbon emissions and GAP per capita. Here, I would like to refer to Tim Jackson who is a professor at University of Surrey. L want you to imagine a world, in 2050, of around nine billion people all aspiring to Western incomes, Western lifestyles. And I want to ask the question: How far and how fast would w e have to move?†¦ The carbon intensity of economic growth at the moment is around 770 grams. In the world I describe you we have to be at six grams of carbon. It's a 130-fold improvement and that is 10 times further and faster than anything we've achieved in industrial history. † I went further on my research and found some data on something called an â€Å"ecological footprint†. It shows that we would need 7. Worlds if everyone lived like the average Americana . This means, people who insist that economic growth will bring wealth and everyone will have western lifestyles, are mistaken. If everyone on Earth had Western lifestyles, non of us would survive. We have the â€Å"developing† countries to thank for that. Even if we had this â€Å"blind faith in our cleverness† as Tim Jackson puts it, economic growth did not only bring environmental issues. It has also brought inequality in human society. Augusta Comet had similar concerns about this issue. He was afraid that inequality would cause dissolution in society.Druthers called it an â€Å"anomie† and he claimed that this anomie led to aimlessness and despair. (He concluded that aimlessness and despair caused an increase in suicides, in the modern society. The rich became richer and the poor became poorer as economies kept growing. The gap between the poor and the rich got wider, inequality caused exploitation, and this caused â€Å"class struggles† which we can describe as the keystone in human history according to Karl Marx. I want to show you some data on the wealth distribution in America, one of the wealthiest countries in the world.Figure 7 Figure 7 shows that the bottom 80% has the 5% of the financial wealth. This indicates a great inequality, it means our economies keep growing but the only people who are getting richer are already rich. Liberals, as I mentioned before, support economic growth which leads to a rise in the GAP per capita. They argue that GAP is the keystone to check, in a prosper society. This statement is true at some cases, but not always as it is shown in Figure 7. In a world where 1% of the population owns 40% of the planet's wealth, it is crucial to talk about equality.Economics is considered as â€Å"the science of scarcity' as I already mentioned. We argue that we use this science to fulfill the infinite needs of human beings. Here is where I disagree; I don't think a human beings needs are infinite. Tim Jackson defines this as â€Å"conspicuous institution†. He says: â€Å"This is a story about us, people, being persuaded to spend money we don't have, on things we don't need, to create impressions that won't last, on people we don't care about. † I believe with the resources of our planet; we can create a more egalitarian and prosper society.Our aim must be to stop the exploitation/domination of the strong one over the weak ones. I want to go back to the environmental issues now. They can never b e ignored because environment is what we need to survive, if we damage it somehow, there is no turning back. So I believe environment should be our first priority. In a growing world, all states/ governments have to narrow down their economies, and start investing in alternative energy systems. I believe human beings are adaptable and they can always figure out a way to survive.So I'm not suggesting to shut down all economies and stop global trade etc. I am suggesting to slow down the growth, because if we keep up this track, the destruction of our planet will be inevitable. Then there are Moos: Huge companies without nationalities. The only thing they care about is to make profit according to economics. A rational company/individual maximizes its profits and minimizes its costs. This statement is, sadly, true in most cases. If we are these â€Å"self maximizing individuals† as Adam Smith defines us, I believe governments have to step up here and create an international commi ttee.This committee should regulate these companies' investments, expenditures etc. It should enforce laws in order to make sure that these companies show an effort to protect the environment and invest in alternative energy systems and not use nonrenewable energy sources. I have stated a few keystones that I believe are relevant to the subject. These keystones were; environmental issues, equality in terms of wealth distribution, reverting exploitation, investing in alternative resources and small regulations in the economy.

Monday, July 29, 2019

Models of Evidence-Based Practice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Models of Evidence-Based Practice - Essay Example Through the bundles, the practitioners select the best practices then put them together in an attempt to offer the best services and deliver the expected outcomes. In the clinical setting, the practitioners select the most appropriate bundles for certain conditions to improve patient care (Kim, 2011). This model would help in creating a procedure that will see Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) be of less pain. Pantoja & Britton (2011) indicate that the multidisciplinary approach is one that focuses on speeding up the attainment of quality care. Through the model, it is easy to define mechanisms that will lead to collaborative learning among the healthcare providers. Pantoja & Britton (2011) argue that more focus is shed on patient through the Multidisciplinary model. Through this model, Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) would be conducted by a multidisciplinary team; thus, a successful procedure. According to Riva, et al (2012), PICOT focuses on â€Å"P† for the population or the disorder in question, â€Å"I† for the intervention, â€Å"C† for comparison with other infections, â€Å"O† for the outcome after a diagnosis and â€Å"T† for the time frame set for the outcome of the intervention administered to take place. These questions present a formula for developing researchable questions and evaluating the existing evidence. The PICOT Model would allow for a systematic practice of conducting Total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Doody & Doody (2011) indicate that the IOWA model highlights the importance of analyzing the whole healthcare system from its infrastructure, the patients as well as the providers. Through this, Doody & Doody (2011) say it is possible to identify solutions to problems that exist in the system. Through IOWA, the entire healthcare system will shift its focus on alleviating pain on patients after going through Total knee arthroplasty (TKA). I would recommend the PICOT Model for implementation to this research problem because it is inclusive and provides a

Sunday, July 28, 2019

Does bullying during childhood affect the person's future behavior as Essay

Does bullying during childhood affect the person's future behavior as an adult - Essay Example The perpetrators of bullying also suffer from negative effects, and they have been demonstrated to be having an increased risk of mental health disorders. These may be attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, depression, oppositional defiant disorder, and various conduct disorders. It has been stated that effects of bullying carries into the adulthood in some form of other. One such example is that the childhood bullies are often severely punitive with their children, and these children may subsequently show higher predilection for being more aggressive to peers (Sourander et al, 2007, 397-404). There is considerable body of literature on this topic, and several facts have been known that can be used to design proper interventions into this social problem of considerable magnitude. Consequently, a literature review would be worthwhile, which could present the existing body of knowledge in this area, through which gaps in knowledge could be identified to direct further research. An exhaustive literature review was undertaken with the key words, "bullying", "childhood bullying", "school bullying", "effects", "future behavior", "adulthood", and "adult behaviors." A combination of these key concepts was used to narrow down the search, so the articles published in the last 10 years on "effects on childhood bullying on adult behavior" could be located. Four such most recent articles were selected to conduct a careful literature review, the findings from which have been presented below. Literature Review Sourander et al. (2007) in their study explored the predictive association between bullying and victimization at the age of 8 and development of psychiatric disorders in early adulthood. In support of their hypothesis, the authors present findings from literature that this is a significantly prevalent problem in American schools. It has been already known that bullying and victimization are associated with poorer family functioning, interparental violence, and parental maltreatment. There is a difference between the bully and the victims in that bullies are aggressive, hostile, and domineering; they are hyperactive, and they demonstrate little anxiety and insecurity. On the contrary, the victims are depressed, withdrawn, anxious, and insecure. They score higher on the psychosomatic scales. They demonstrate lower self-esteem, and they tend to be more cautious, sensitive, and quieter. The authors present findings from other studies that the bully victims tend to be more troubled in ter ms of future outcomes. Once bullied, they demonstrate high levels of verbal and physical aggression. Their externalizing and hyperactive behaviour are higher, but at the same time their depressivity, self-worth, academic competence, and social acceptance are lower. This study attempts to fill the gap that exists in prospective bullying. The authors report a Finnish study, where observations suggest that being bullied at childhood has future consequences. Bullying at age strongly predict criminality at adolescence. Such a study would be necessary since information about long-term effects of bullying in the childhood into the future adult life will have public health implications, and knowledge about these may lead to

Saturday, July 27, 2019

Ethics essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Ethics - Essay Example The importance of finding answer to this question is just as, if not more, important than trying to establish and enforce civility and ethics in the workplace. Defining values that support leadership is an ongoing process and requires critical insight and effort on our part. The task of a leader is to establish excellence rather than commanding it. An organization’s mission should be based on our values and beliefs rather than alteration of our values and beliefs because of the mission of organization. Character lays the basis of leadership. Character reflects in a leader’s courage to make decisions from this perspective. Organizations acquire stability from our values. Our purpose must be stable so that we are better able to deal with the unstable environment. Our moral values enable us to always display responsible performance. Performance responsibility exists in people’s moral values, dignity, and ethics obtained from them. Values discussed in the article inc lude openness, equality, liberty, respect for others, self-reliance, and responsibility of behavior. Openness has become a norm in our society. Openness implies that we are self-sufficient and do not need others which in effect paradoxically leads us to a closing end. Despite the immense emphasis placed on the sustenance and enforcement of these values in the American society, these values fail to lay an adequate explanation of the conflict between individualism and collectivism. Nevertheless, the collective nature of ethical value is still promoted by the democratic ideal since it highlights the concerns for others more than the concerns for us. I consent with the author that establishment of excellence is even more important for a leader than commanding excellence. When a leader commands excellence rather than establishing it, he/she might be successful in achieving his/her objectives, but a holistic change that incorporates effective leadership skills in everybody down the line c annot be made unless excellence is established. I also consent with the author that organization’s mission should be driven by the society’s morals and values. This is fundamental to the preservation of our culture, trends, and tradition and for an organization to function ethically in the society. In my personal practice, I see myself as a transformational leader who intends to inculcate the desire, urge, and motivation to bring about a positive change in the followers rather than telling them what to do all the time. I am a strong believer in every individual’s creative abilities and I believe that given the appropriate chance, everybody is able to contribute to the development of a positive change in the society. This responsibility fundamentally rests with the leader because to a large extent, the way followers behave and approach a matter is depicted by the style of leadership adopted by the leader. I do acknowledge that there is confusion about values. Par ticularly in an age where our society has become more multicultural than ever before, values are bound to differ. So in my career when I am caught in a situation where values contrast, I as a leader would see which values promise the achievement of the most desirable and beneficial results. I shall give society’s well-being as a whole priority over the well-being of the society because this would enable me to align the interests of the

Friday, July 26, 2019

Hersey Blanchard Theory a case study application Coursework

Hersey Blanchard Theory a case study application - Coursework Example Alex and Stephanie are students who work in a supermarket (part-time) to supplement their income. Alex is stuck in the produce department (as per his boss, Dan’s style and approach), while Stephanie is assigned to different tasks by her boss Jonathan. Moreover, one of Alex’s colleagues gets paid more (for the same task) because she pleases her boss by saying complimentary comments to him. Jonathan is friendly, relaxed and easy to work with. Stephanie is highly excited to work in the culinary centre where she (and her colleagues) helps customers to create new and innovative recipes for their customers. The end result is that Alex is bored with his job while on the other hand Stephanie looks forward to her work. The Hersey Blanchard Theory: The Hersey Blanchard Theory is a situational approach to leadership. It is indicative of the psychological and job maturity levels of employees. (Muralidharan, 2009, 63). Situational leadership in management circles means, adjusting approach to employees according to their maturity or readiness levels. The Theory categorizes four types of employees termed as R1, R2, R3, and R4 according to their attitudes and approach to work (Robbins, & Coulter, 2009, 63). R1 level of maturity indicates low maturity. In this instance, the employee is unwilling or unable to follow orders, or even due to insecurity and lack of confidence in their abilities. In case an employee is categorized as R2, he or she will be willing to follow the leader and have a high level of personal confidence. But they may lack the ability or skill to do a job allotted to them. They will be confident about any task or job they have already mastered, but lack the sufficient skills and ability to perform new ones. R3 indica tes a situation that is directly opposite to R2. In this instance the employee has the ability, skill and confidence to undertake a specific job or task, but is unwilling to follow orders. R4 level employees are confident, willing, and ready to take up responsibility. They have high levels of job and psychological maturity. These are the four situations that managers (and supervisors) face in the work place regarding employee attitudes, and the reason why the Hersey Blanchard Theory is referred to as situational. It is up the manager to identify these traits and manage according to the situation at hand. The theory then provides four leadership approaches that will be suitable to handle each of these situations referred to as S1, S2, S3, and S4 (DuBrin, 2005, 144). S1 – Telling: As the term indicates, the manager simply tells or orders (autocratic) the employee to do a certain job or task. S2 – Selling: This is similar to S1, but here the manager uses a persuasive (or selling) approach. S3 – Participating: There is a high degree of participation and interaction between the manager and the employee. Employees are free to voice their opinions and suggestions which will be seriously considered by the manager. S4 – Delegating: Here the manager delegates employees to undertake their duties and will not interfere in their activities unless absolutely necessary. All that is required is that the manger be kept informed about the progress or completion of the duties (tasks/jobs) assigned. Hersey Blanchard Theory applied to the case study: With regard to Dan it can be said that he can be categorized as an R3 employee. He appears confident, but not happy in his current position. It could be out of boredom and the difference in pay scales (mentioned in case study). But there is no mention about

Thursday, July 25, 2019

Research paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Research paper - Essay Example Glucose meter machines are designed for diabetic patients, and it allows them to take control of their health condition. The discovery of glucose meter machines profoundly changed the manner in which diabetes and diabetic patients are handled. Health care facilities realized a substantial relief in terms of their workload relative to attending to diabetic patients. This technological innovation made health care provision easy for both patients and caregivers. The tool kit is fully equipped to make the patient self-sufficient in testing blood glucose level and administering the require dosage of insulin (MobileReference, 2007). Full reliance on health care practitioners by diabetic patients has been reduced to critical cases only. The ultimate effect of this discovery has been the realization of effective and efficient self-care that is essentially technology driven. Over and above this, patients have become more aware of how they can be responsible for their own health. Diabetic pati ents are taught how to use these devises, thus enhancing their individual exposure to medical practices. Being in a position to read, understand, and interpret machine readings has fostered good health among patients. As a result, these patients can now live longer by taking control and managing their health. Another point of effect relates to medical and health-related costs. Glucose meter machines can last for long, meaning that the patient will not have to purchase one every now and then. This reduces medical costs substantially. On the same note, the machine drastically reduces medical procedures in actual health facilities. This means that trips to the health facility are minimal, and so are the costs involved. Moreover, the use of these machines is timely, effective, and efficient (Lee, 2009). All these factors combined, glucose meter machines become affordable and time saving. Patients are saved queuing time at health facilities, thus making health care provision more persona lized, sensitive to current medical trends, and of high quality. Health care practitioners, on the other hand, have extended their knowledge base to the masses. This has promoted collaboration between patients, family, and the health care fraternity. The fact that life would be different without the glucose meter machines cannot be disputed. These machines marked a technological breakthrough that allowed diabetic patients to take care of themselves without necessarily having to heavily rely on family, friends, and health care givers. Without glucose meter machines, patients would face critical difficulties and challenges in monitoring their blood glucose level (Basavanthappa, 2003). This would result in more deaths related to diabetes as patients would have to visit health facilities to have their glucose level checked. Even without having to visit clinicians for glucose monitoring, patients would not know the right time to administer their medication dosages. As a result, the absen ce of glucose meter machine would critically complicate not only the lives of the patients, but also the work of health care givers in attending to diabetic patients. Moreover, the absence of these machines would result in the negative consequence of the already discussed effects. Ill health would become prevalent and the burden of health care provi

Ideas of parenting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Ideas of parenting - Essay Example t children should be left to be with just guidance and not using force to perfect as they are capable of making their own choices and loving them even in adulthood with just the right amount of motivation and guidance and this will build their self-esteem. A Chinese mother controls the lives of her children in every aspect. She acts like a dictator and her parenting style is that of an authoritarian parent. Her children are just supposed to listen and act as they are told and their opinion does not count. In fact according to Chua’s article, children are just supposed to accept everything they are told and not talk back or even question as this leads to negative consequences (Chua, 2011). This is the absolute opposite with the Western mother who lets her children be without using any force on them. Her parenting style can be termed as authoritative and can be compared to a democratic leader who allows the others to make suggestion and just guides them in these decisions or contributes to the ultimate final ruling after negotiations. These children raised by western mothers are allowed to state their opinion, express their likes and dislikes hence coming to a compromise with the parent (Rosin, 2011). Children raised by Chinese parents are not allowed from the word go to be children in the true definition of the term. They are not allowed sleepovers, participate in plays in school, engage in play time with others or even just be allowed to learn from their own mistakes. Their every decision and action is controlled and decided for them by their parent down to the type of musical instrument they will play, what grade they will get and nothing else. These children therefore do not get to develop a positive self-esteem. Some of them later resent their parents for their stolen childhood, they resent the music they were forced to play and even grow up bitter (Chua, 2011). The opposite is true for a western style of parenting. Children are allowed a lot of time to

Wednesday, July 24, 2019

Business Strategies Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Business Strategies - Assignment Example The target market of a company is women aged from 25 to 54 who have children and a sufficient income to spend on their products. The company strategic approach is built around the convenience and price suitable for its customers. Under this strategy, company has built its stores in a boxlike structure where shoppers can use carts to browse throughout the stores. Strategic management strategy of Kohl’s Corporation plays a vital role in maintaining the company’s profitability even in adverse situations. The customer’s taste and preferences are changing regularly, which can directly affect the business. To avoid certain situation, it is necessary to review the external trends of the market regularly in order to take strategic actions on time. For this purpose, the strategic manager needs to review the internal and external environment of the company. It involves the process of job scanning, addressing external environment and trends, and identification of opportunit ies and threats. External trends for Kohl’s Corporation The manager at Kohl’s Corporation has to face various external trends that mainly concern external business environment. The profitability of the company is based upon these internal and external factors existing in the business environment. ... Economic factors. In the past few years, there has been a decline in general economic condition of the country that leads to reduce the customer demand for merchandise. It also leads to reduce the sales and gross profit margins of the company. According to the case, the company’s present economic condition is quite well, and it is able to compete with its competitors, but for future prospective, company must keep track of functional and technological changes in the retail industry so that managers can take decisions on time (Jeffs, 44). Technological trends. At present, there are various technological trends entering the retail and departmental store industry that can affect the consumer taste and preferences such as shopping malls, where various brands can open their store under one roof. According to Kohl’s business strategy, they operate their stores in three settings: the stand alone buildings, the big box mall and the lifestyle center. These three kinds of stores a re able to create an environment that is convenient, friendly and exciting for their customers. It gives a unique feature to its business strategy. Governmental factors. What concerns the political situation, governmental policies and political system of the country are extremely uncontrollable, and it can adversely affect the consumer confidence. The outbreak or escalation of war, the occurrence of terrorist’s acts and the other hostilities of the political system can lead to a decrease in spending by consumers. Socio-cultural factors. Socio-cultural factors include the knowledge, art, beliefs, morals, laws and customs of the society. The choices and purchasing habits of the customers are largely influenced by the socio-cultural factors, and it changes over time. Kohl’s Corporation

Tuesday, July 23, 2019

Management behavior Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Management behavior - Essay Example Current customers were more interested in solutions and services rather than the products alone. InterClean Inc is a major player in the sanitation and cleaning industry with high quality products and efficient workforce. High quality products of InterClean can move in the market well only if the product selling backed with high quality services. Management behavior is important in determining the productivity of the workers and quality of services offered to the customers. The purpose of this memo is to inform all the first level managers at InterClean about the merger between InterClean and EnvironTech and the possible changes after the merger. I would like to explain how a manger should behave with his workers to improve their productivity, different types of management actions in line with the existing employment laws and the best strategies to work with a diverse workforce. â€Å"Essential conditions of service such as good pay, motivation, incentives, regular promotions, training and development should be provided for the workforce so as to enable them put in their best in order to increase the level of their productivity in the organization† (ADEKUNLE et al, 2009) Mangers can play a vital role in ensuring the employee satisfaction which is important in ensuring maximum productivity from them. A manager who fails to motivate the workers cannot ensure 100% productivity from them. In order to motivate the employees the first level managers must reward them for the good performances with incentives or promotions. The work culture should be developed in such a way that both the manager and the workers function in a healthy environment where no prejudices or biases control the management actions. In case of a conflict the manager should never take any one sided actions, instead he should take decisions after hearing the arguments of both the parties involved in the conflict. Positive work environment is another

Monday, July 22, 2019

Arguments for and Against Term Limits Essay Example for Free

Arguments for and Against Term Limits Essay My research indicated there is more public support for term limits. The most common reason was voters feel dissatisfied and misrepresented by the candidate in office. It is believed that career politicians are elitists and do not have a clear understanding of what â€Å"real† people are dealing with or need. Term limits would create an even playing field for newcomers allowing new ideas and fresh thinkers into the mix. Newcomers would be less influenced by special interests and reduce corruption. Those opposed to term limits primarily support the premise that replacing seasoned experienced politicians with inexperienced members that are unfamiliar with the issues is detrimental to moving things forward. It takes years of experience to get up to speed on the issues and the rules of government. Limiting terms would be restrictive and eliminate the â€Å"good† guy politicians that are doing a good job representing the people. It is common that term limited politicians are not as committed toward the end of their term because they don’t have to worry about their record of accomplishments for re-election. When I first started to work on this assignment I was convinced that I was in favor of term limits for federally-elected officials. I was convinced that term limits were a good idea in order to reduce corruption and generate fresh ideas. After doing some initial research I realized that term limits are not the solution to government reform. The people elect government officials. It is up to the voters to vote in change, get involved, and support their candidate of choice. Voting is a civil liberty for all secured by the sacrifices of others. It is our citizen responsibility to invoke our right to vote and to be informed, educated voters. References htttp://dbp.idebate.org /en/index.php/Debate:_Term_limits_for_legislators http://suite101.com/article/term-limits-are-set-at-the-polls-a214115

Sunday, July 21, 2019

Gastrointestinal Involvement: Human Monocytic Ehrlichiosis

Gastrointestinal Involvement: Human Monocytic Ehrlichiosis

Picornavirus Life Cycle and Processing of Proteins

Picornavirus Life Cycle and Processing of Proteins Introduction Picornaviruses are small positive strand RNA viruses with single stranded genomic RNA capable of causing various diseases in humans (Porter, 1993). The picornavirus RNA genome has 3 poly(A) tail and a virus encoded particle Vpg at the 5 end. Unlike other RNA genome viruses, picornavirus doesnt contain a 7- methyl guanosine cap at the 5end intead they contain VPg a viral protein linked at the 5 end of the genome (Bedard and Semler, 2004). IRES (Internal ribosome entry site) is a clover leaf secondary structure at the 5 non-coding region and in the polypeptide there is a 3 noncoding region which contains the poly(A) tract required for the synthesis of minus RNA strand for RNA replication and translation. The minus strand RNa increases the efficiency of RNA replication and translation. The structural and non structural proteins are found at the polyprotein and the polyprotein is divided into three regions such as P1, P2, P3 where P1 contains the structural proteins (VP1, VP2, VP3 and VP 4) required for capsid formation and the non structural proteins P2 and P3 are required for replication and membrane rearrangement. The P2 and P3 region contains proteinase 3C and viral RNA dependent polymerase 3D (Stanway, 1990). There are 11 mature polypeptides with three main cleavage intermediates. UTR- Untranslated region; IRES- Internal ribosome entry site; VPg- Viral protein genome-linked (Lin et al, 2009). Processing of proteins The processing of proteins starts from the primary cleavage occurring between P1 and P2, mediated by viral protease 2A containing the cysteine nucleophile and it cleaves P1 and P2 leaving the viral polyprotein at cis. The P2 and the P3 precursors are separated from P1 region. For aphthovirus self cleavage takes place at the P1 domain region of the polyprotein by L proteinase at the cis whereas the L proteins in cardiovirus possess no proteolytic activity and hence in aphthovirus the cleavage of P1 is initiated by proteinase 3C. 2A proteinase also cleaves the cellular factors in entero and rhinovirus where eIF4G, a cap binding complex is cleaved and due to this even the there is a shut off in host translation. The L proteinase also cleaves eIF4G in aphtho virus during primary cleavage (Ryan and Flint,1997). There are four structural proteins in Picornavirus capsids such as VP1, VP2, VP3 and VP4 where the VP4 protein is inside of the capsid. The VP4 proteins are formed by the cleavage of VP0 precursor, late during the assembly and are modified after translation by the covalent attachment of myristic acid at the amino terminus (Cann, 1997). Picornaviruses consist of three types of proteinase L, 2A and 3C. the aphtho or F M D V polyproteins are processed by more than one proteinase. The L proteinase are available in two forms Lb pro and Lab pro. L pro possess the same function as 2A proteinase of entero and rhinovirus which cleave the host cell protein eIF4G but the major difference between L pro and 2A is that the L pro cleave in between Gly479 and Arg470 residues whereas 2A cleave in between Arg486 and Gly487. Lb pro plays a major role in substrate binding and also in shut off host cell translation like that of 2A proteinase (Ryan and Flint,1997). 2A proteinase cleaves at its own N terminus and the primary cleavage is carried at the P1 capsid protein precursor. The nature of 2A proteinase is unclear and the sequence similarities led to the understanding that 2A pro catalytic triad composed of His20, Asp38 and also an active site nucleophile of cysteine. 2A pro can be inhibited by active thiol proteinases such as iodoacetamide and N-ethylmaleimide. 2A proteinase also inhibits the host cell protein synthesis which mediated the cleavage of eIF-4G, a 220K Da polypeptide but it was later understood that the 2A pro just initiated as an activating factor for another proteolytic activity to cleave eIF-4G. Generally 2A pro shuts off the host cell translation because eIF-4G deals with cap dependent mode of translation in host cell. In poliovirus, 2A acts a trans activator of translation at IRES when host cell is not imhibited. When 2A pro was mutated it led to loss of cleavage activity in trans but not in cis, and no replication of vira l RNA was seen hence this confirms that 2A pro is required for viral RNA replication. The aphtho and cardiovirus 2A proteinase show no sequence similarity to entero/rhino virus although 2A protease are similar in size. The primary cleavage of hepatovirus and echovirus does not take place by the cleavage of 2A proteinase and the 2A protein in hepatovirus and echovirus showed no proteolytic activity (Ryan and Flint,1997). 2B and its precursor 2BC is a viral protein consisting of two hydrophobic regions with ÃŽ ± amphipathic a-helix domains leading to the alteration of membranes in the infected cells. The virus induced vesicles are formed when 2B and its precursor 2BC enter into the host membrane of Golgi and ER complex by altering the permeability of plasma membrane to form virporin complex. Once the 2B and the precursor 2BC enters the host there is an imbalance in Ca2+ homeostatis mechanism and blocks protein transport from ER to Golgi and also initiates anti-apoptosis property. The 2B protein also blocks the activation of IRF-3 in Hepatitis A virus through which the cellular IFN-ÃŽ ² gene transcription is inhibited so that there is no harm to Hepatitis A virus in the host. (Lin et al, 2009). The vi ral RNA was anchored for the spatial arrangement required for replication by the 2C protein. The mutagenesis experiments confirmed that the 2C proteins are involved in strand separation of viral RNA while replication (Porter, 1993) Secondary cleavage: The secondary cleavage is carried out within the viral proteins and hence it is mediated by 3C proteinase which plays a very important role in protein processing and RNA replication. The replication proteins are generated within the P2 and P3 precursor proteins when 3C self cleaves at the P3 region of the polyprotein. 3C proteinase or the 3CD precursors cleaves the poly(A) binding protein to inhibit viral translation during late poliovirus infection. 3C also cleaves the host cell protein required for transcription. The key processing step for the viral protein processing cascade is initiated by 3C proteinase. The 3CD proteins also play a major role in carring out important functions during RNA replication (Bedard and Semler, 2004). The major function of 3C proteinase in secondary cleavages is that it process the capsid and the replicative protein precursors. The processing of capsid in poliovirus is done by 3CD proteinase and not 3C proteinase. The 3C proteins are also used to cleave various number of host cell proteins such as histone H3, transcription factor IIIC, TATA binding protein and microtubule-associated protein 4. The 3CD proteinase depends on the host cell protein EF-1 ÃŽ ± and the host cell factor is replaced by 3CD forming 3AB:3CD proteinase complex to bind at the 3 end of the poliovirus genome (Ryan and Flint, 1997). The 3A protein inhibits the cellular protein function and also presents the membrane proteins during viral infection. When the poliovirus 3A protein was mutated, the uridlylation of VPg was affected and also inhibited the viral RNAs plus strand initiation (Porter, 1993). 2B is a viral protein which is required for virion release by altering the cell membrane increasing permeability which is required for poliovirus RNA replication. 2C proteins and its precursor 2BC is necessary for the re-arrangement of intracellular membranes and also for the viral induced cytoplasmic vesicles. 2C binds with the minus strand of poliovirus RNA at the 3 non coding region and hence it plays a role in positive RNA viral strand synthesis and also in minus strand RNA synthesis. 3C and 3D protein helps in immune response interference and also in viral RNA replication. 3A protein is very much important because these proteins help the picornaviruses to escape from MHC-I ( Major histo compatability) expression and intracellular membrane transport by inhibiting both the MHC-I and intracellular membrane transport of the host cell. 3B protein also called as VPg is linked to the 5 end of both the positive and negative strand RNAs. 3AB, 3C, 3CD and 3D are required during the proces s of assembly in replication and also initiates viral RNA polymerase 3D and self cleavage of 3CD. 3C and 3D are involved in binding viral RNA, protein processing and RNA replication. The cloverleaf structure of poliovirus virus and coxsackievirus consist of stem loops in which the viral polymerase precursor, 3CD binds to the stem loop I. 3CD also binds with the host cell protein poly r(C) binding protein 2 (PCBP2) to help only in RNA replication. 3D is responsible for VPg uridylylation and RNA chain elongation while synthesising viral RNA because it contains RNA dependent polymerases and even tends for error prone and mis-incorporation of 1-2 nucleotides per replication (Bedard and Semler, 2004). VP1, VP2 and VP3 are the three larger capsid proteins folded into eight stranded antiparallel ÃŽ ² barrels and a small fourth protein called VP4 is located inside the capsid. The 3C protease cleaves VP3, VP1 and VP0 at the P1 region. The amino termini of VP0, VP3, VP1 initiates the assembly of the virion particle. VP0 peptides are cleaved into VP2 and VP4 at the final stage of processing and assembly. VP4 and VP2 are adjacent to each other at their ends when cleaved. The infection of the host is initiated when the capsid proteins bind to the receptor on the host membrane. ICAM-1 (intercellular adhesion molecule 1) is the receptor molecule for the major rhinovirus which binds the cell to adjacent substrates. Poliovirus receptor molecule is an integral membrane protein consisting of one variable and two constant domains and this receptor molecule attaches to the host cell to initiate replication process. The general receptors used by the various picornaviruses are poliovirus receptor f or poliovirus attachment, ICAM-1 receptor for major rhinovirus, LDL-R for minor group rhinovirus, CD55 or DAF receptor for some echoviruses and group B coxsackie B1-B6 receptors. A deep cleft known as canyon is formed by flanking the monomers, VP1, VP2 and VP3 which helps the virus to escape the immune response by the host cell. The interaction of capsid proteins with the intracellular host factors affects the induction of apoptosis (Lin et al, 2009). Host cell shut off mechanism The mRNA of picornavirus is uncapped and hence the translation takes place by directly introducing ribosomes at internal ribosome entry sites (IRES). The cleavage of eukaryotic translation initiation factor, eIF4G by 2A protease inhibits the cap dependent mRNA translation of the host cell. When poliovirus is introduced into the host it inhibits the host cell translation leading to apoptotic cell death. The eIFGII is more resistant to the infection of poliovirus than eIFGI. The death inducing proteins encoded by cellular mRNA were translated by cap independent translation leading to apoptotic death. The cleavage of eIF4GI by caspase 3 also induces apoptotic cell death but differs from poliovirus 2A protease process. Severe inhibition of translation leading to apoptosis is seen by both the caspase 3 activity and 2A protease. IRES elements in mRNAs encode proteins which regulate apoptotis. Even poly (A) protein and dystropin protein are also cleaved by 2A protease.. Hence, the cleavage of poly(A) binding protein by 2A protease cause apoptotis and the cleavage of dystrophin protein can induce apoptotic process due to cytoskeleton disruption (Goldstaub et al, 1999). The enterovirus 2B protein suppresses apoptotic pathway of the host cell by controlling intracellular Ca2+ homeostatis. The apoptotic responses are initiated by the 3C and 2A proteinase to inhibit cellular transcription and cap dependent translation. When the 2B proteins are suppressed by caspase-3 activation it leads to apoptotis (Campanella et al, 2004). The cellular mRNAs encode for the death inducing proteins which are translated by cap independent translation. When eIF4GI and eIF4GII are cleaved by 2A protease it leads to apoptotic death because it inhibits cap dependent translation. The 2A proteins also cleave the poly(A) binding protein and the dystropin protein which leads to apoptotis through a translational mechanism (Goldstaub et al, 2000). The eIFE is the component of cap binding complex of cap structure at 5 end of mRNA. The 40 S ribosomal subunit checks at the 5 non coding region until it finds the initiating codon or the the authentic start codon AUG and then sends a signal to the 60S to form a complex. For translation to occur in mRNA the 5 non coding region with the cap end should bind with the eIFE and once it binds to the cap the 40 S ribosomal subunit scans for the authentic initiation or start codon AUG and once it finds the AUG codon it gives a signal to 60 S ribosomal subunit to form a complex with 40 S and initiate the translation along with initiation factors (Bedard and Semler, 2004). In picornavirus the 5 end of mRNA in the non coding region is not capped and hence to initiate translation, the cap independent mechanism is required. Hence in picornavirus, the 40 S ribosomal subunit scans for ribonucleo protein complex at 5 non coding region and initiation take place to recognise authentic start codon. The eIF4G is cleaved by viral proteinase 3C and 2A which shuts off the host cell translation (cap dependent) and also cleaves poly(A) binding protein (PABP)and hence it inhibits the host cell translation. When the host cell is infected by Foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV), the eIF4G subunit which is responsible for the cap dependent translation of the host is cleaved by the L protein and for the Encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV), the cap dependent translation of host is blocked by a repressor protein 4E-BP1 which binds at the 5 cap region and hence the repressor protein 4E-BP1 blocks the binding of eIF-4E which is the cap binding subunit and hence the host translation is shut off. The Hepatitis A virus (HAV) does not shut off the host translation because it requires eIF4G for its translation (Bedard and Semler, 2004). All picornavirus consist of internal ribosome entry site (IRES) and are mapped to the 5 non coding region. There are four types of IRES seen in picornaviruses based on the RNA secondary structures. The enterovirus and rhinovirus comes under the Type I IRES. Aphthovirus and cardiovirus comes under the Type II IRES and the Hepatitis virus comes under the Type III IRES. The porcine reschovirus comes under the Type IV elements. The IRES mediated translation is initiated by two factors Canonical initiation factors and IRES trans-activating factors. Canonical initiation factors to initiate IRES mediated translation: The IRES elements of poliovirus and EMCV are similar and require the initiation factors to be primed at the 40S ribosomal subunit. The IRES mediated translation is initiated by certain canonical factors such as eIF4G and eIF4B to bind to the viral RNA and also certain other subunits such as eIf3 and eIF2 to pre-bind to the 40 S ribosomal subunits. The IRES translation of poliovirus and EMCV is promoted by the poly(A) binding protein (Lin et al, 2009). Noncanonical initiation factors to initiate IRES mediated translation: The polypyrimidine tract-binding protein (PTB) is a 57 KDa mRNA splicing factor which increases and promotes the activity of IRES in poliovirus. The molecular switching from translation to the replication of poliovirus is done by the proteolytic cleavage of PTB. The PTB also functions as RNA chaperon by stabilizing the type II IRES of FMDV and EMCV. Lupus autoantigen (La) is a 52 KDa of nuclear protein which binds to certain distinct parts of HAV IRES and with small interfering RNA and hence the HAV IRES translation and replication is suppressed. Poly(rC) binding protein (PCBP2)bind to the type I IRES of picornavirus and hence it leads to internal initiation of translation in type I IREs elements. The heterogenous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A1 (hnRNP A1) is an RNA binding protein which binds to the 5 UTR of HRV2 and regulates transcription (Lin et al, 2009). The picornavirus infection has lowered the level of host cell transcription and hence there is a increase in the number of viral RNA molecules. The nuclear localization signal (NLS) present in the poliovirus 3D protein targets the 3CD precursor to the nucleus for autocatalytic final maturation and allow the release of 3C protease (Bedard and Semler, 2004).) Picornavirus RNA replication: The new positive and negative strand viral RNA are synthesised by using the viral encoded RNA dependent RNA polymerase 3D. The RNA dependent RNA polymerase 3D acts as a protein primer and forms VPg-pU-pU which initiates the viral RNA replication and the process is known as VPg uridylylation. When VPg uridylylation is done, the poly(A) tract at the 3 end acts as an initiation site for the synthesis of negative strand RNA synthesis. The negative strand developed act as a template for the synthesis of new viral positive RNA strand by cap independent translation. Many or numerous copies of positive viral RNA strand can be synthesised from a single negative strand. In picornaviruses, there are numerous RNA sequences and secondary structures within the 5 non coding region which are essential for the RNA replication. The viral protein 3CD and the host protein, PCBP binds at the 5 cloverleaf structure of the non coding region. The cellular host protein PCBP binds to loop b and the 3CD binds to loop d of the 5 cloverleaf structure. A ternary complex is formed when 3CD and PCBP2 binds with the cloverleaf structure along with the viral RNA to form RNA replication. When PCBP2 was depleted, there was poor RNA synthesis in poliovirus and hence it was recognised that PCBP2 play a vital role in RNA replication. PABP is a cellular protein which binds to the poly(A) tract at the 3 end of viral RNA interact with 5 cloverleaf structure of PCBP2 and the viral protein 3CD. When the PABP at the 3 end interact with PCBP2 at the 5 end, the viral RNA may interact and hence there is an initiation of replication process. Even the 3AB and 3CD proteins interact at the 5 cloverleaf structure to each other there by initiating viral RNA replication. The cis-acting replication element (cre) was found within the coding region of picornavirus genomic RNA which is required for viral replication and viability. In aphthovirus the cre structure is at the non coding region of the 5 end. The cre sequence AAACA was found in the conserved hairpin structure at the coding region of picornaviruses required for RNA replication. The cre elements act as a binding site for viral replication proteins and also as a template for VPg uridylylation. At cre element, VPg is more efficient than at the poly(A) tract and uridylylation on cre structure leads to only positive strand RNA synthesis and for uridylylation and replication initiation of the minus strand uses the poly(A) tract. The interaction between 3CD with cre and cloverleaf RNA may arrange the viral RNA structurally for efficient RNA replication. The 3 NCR and the 3 poly(A) tract forms the site of replication for minus strand RNA synthesis. The poly(A) tract at the 3 end functions for virus viability, impart stability and also for the efficient RNA replication by interacting with viral RNA at the 5 end (Bedard and Semler, 2004). The negative strand is first formed by using the VPg protein primer and the VPg plays an important role in replication. The enzymatic activity of 3D polymerase has lead to VPg uridylylation which covalently couples with the tyrosine residue in the VPg protein. The 3 poly (A) tract template may also involve other host proteins for replication. The 2C bind at the 3 end the negative strand showing ATPase activity. The RNA polymerase 3D unwinds to develop viral RNA synthesis (Bedard and Semler, 2004).

Saturday, July 20, 2019

Alternative Energy Vehicles Essay example -- Exploratory Essays Resear

Alternative Energy Vehicles Interested in alternative-energy driven cars? Here is a brief synopsis of the existing technologies, some of the problems surrounding each of them, and suggestions for further reading. There is no question that pollution from automobiles is a major problem in industrialized countries and is increasing in developing nations. And the number of cars is increasingly rapidly: in the United States, the automobile population has increased 6X faster than the human population and 2X faster than the number of new drivers (Motavelli, 2000). At the same time, the average fuel economy of the 2001 fleet decreased to 20.4 miles per gallon, the same it was in 1980. This decrease is fueled by the growing trend in inefficient SUVs. As over 50% of the USA’s oil comes from overseas, the dangerous level of waste promoted by inefficient vehicles makes this more than simply an environmental issue. What are some of the long-term renewable solutions to the political and environmental dangers that pollution and inefficiency pose? Battery-powered vehicles. There are several electric car models on the market in the making. As of now, their economic viability is restrained by the relatively short distance that can be traveled between recharging and their lower-than-average maximum speeds. Considering the advantages that standard cars have over battery-powered cars, there is little economic incentive to buy battery-powered cars, but their environmental benefits are enormous. Although it requires factory pollution to create the electricity necessary to charge the vehicles, it would take 13 electrical cars to equal the emissions produced by one standard car (Motavelli, 2000). Research is continuing to make battery-pow... ...t cars. Suggestions for further readings: Borroni-Bird, Christopher E. Designing AUTOnomy. http://www.sciam.com/print_version.cfm?articleID=00034FE5-BA99-1D80-90FB809EC580000. 2002. California Air Resources Board. Major Automotive Fuel Cell Programs http://www.arb.ca.gov/msprog/zevprog/fuelcell/kalhammer/techreport/sec3_3.pdf. 2002 Fantes, Francisco. Solar Hydrogen Energy: Mining the Oceans for the Holy Grail. Harvard Science Review, winter 2002. Hubler, Shawn, Chalk One Up for Hybrids. Http://www.calendarlive.com/printedition/calendar/cl_et_hubler26mar26.story. 2002. Motavelli, Jim. Forward Drive : The Race to Build â€Å"Clean† Cars for the Future. San Francisco : Sierra Club Books, 2000 Nice, Karim. How Hybrid Cars Work. http://auto.howstuffworks.com/hybrid_car.htm 2002. Sierra Club, Energy Fact Sheet. Http://www.sieraclub.org/energy/factsheet.asp 2001

Friday, July 19, 2019

Prejudice and Racism at Our School :: Sociology Racism Prejudice Essays

Prejudice and Racism at Our School Racism...the belief that a particular race is superior to others; discrimination or prejudice based on race. Racism has been around for a long time and its effects have been seen a lot in the past few centuries: during the 1800s and earlier - in slavery, the Civil War, and slaves being freed; and then recently, during the 1900s - in the Civil Rights Movement. Everyone in the United States is supposed to have equal rights and not be discriminated against because of race, but sadly, that is not always what happens. Racism shouldn’t be around anymore, but it is, even in WCCHS. Sometimes it’s in the form of racist comments or racial slurs, and other times it’s in the form of "who hangs out with whom." Something needs to be done about this. I think that if there were more integration in school-related activities, then students of different races would learn to accept each other the way they are, and racism wouldn’t be an issue at WCCHS. As was stated, even though there shouldn’t be racism at WCCHS, there is. Although once in a while teachers might be involved if someone says something racist against them, most of the racism is between students. Although I don’t really see a whole lot of it and what I do see isn’t major, it is still there. Generally, Hispanics and non-Hispanics get along okay at WCCHS; a lot of the racism expressed in these two groups is just little things, such as racial slurs or mean comments about someone just because they are or aren’t Hispanic. To get a broader view on racism at WCCHS and why it occurs, I interviewed Karen Miller, a freshman of Polish and German descent; Gabe Antonio, a freshman of Mexican descent who knows both English and Spanish; and Mr. Sayner, a World Geography/Global Studies teacher of western European descent. Karen, Gabe, and Mr. Sayner all agreed on their definitions of racism. Gabe said that racism means â€Å"people saying bad stuff about other races and cultures,† Karen said that it means that someone doesn’t like another person just because of their race - they are prejudiced, and Mr. Sayner said it means â€Å"people judging someone else based on physical characteristics like skin color.† In all three definitions you see that people are basing their opinions of others on outward characteristics rather than finding out for themselves what they are like.

Thursday, July 18, 2019

Comparing Araby and Genesis Essay -- Comparison Compare Contrast Essay

Parallels between Araby and Genesis  Ã‚   In the Bible, the story of creation occurs in the garden of Eden.   The book of Genesis tells the tale of Adam and Eve, whom God allowed to eat the fruit from any tree in the garden except for that of the central tree of knowledge.   Unfortunately, with the serpent’s deceitful encouragement, Eve enticed Adam to eat from that banned tree.   The fruit opened Adam’s eyes to the reality that he was naked (Gen. 3:7-20).   Interestingly, the second paragraph of â€Å"Araby† alludes to the Genesis account of Eden.   â€Å"The wild garden behind the house contained a central apple tree and a few straggling bushes.†Ã‚   Aside from commenting on the â€Å"eroded† isle of Ireland, Joyce uses this allusion to arrange the entire plot of the story: man trusts woman, woman tricks man, and man realizes his mistake.   â€Å"Araby’s† Eve is the beloved girl who is kept nameless by Joyce, while Adam is the narrator, an adolescent boy who is i nfatuated with the Eve.   Through an examination of the shift in emotions and thoughts of the narrator through a plot filled with trust and betrayal, the reader discovers that a person’s mind distorts reality by creating a fantasy environment.   Without any control over reality and emotion, this illusionary world imprisons the thinker.   In other words, one’s mind self-paralyzes.    According to the narrator, Eve’s character is an innocent and beautiful young woman.   Since the story is written in first-person perspective, all commentary and descriptions in the story are those from the narrator’s perceptions.   Although the only name mentioned by the narrator for her is â€Å"Mangan’s sister† (perhaps after the Irish poet), the girl is obviously the object of the narrator’s affection.   The reader is int... ...me-when our emotionally distorted world is proven false.    By the examination of the shift of emotions and thoughts of the narrator through the plot of trust and betrayal, the reader discovers that a person’s mind distorts reality by creating a fantasy environment.   Without any control over reality and emotion, this illusionary world imprisons the thinker.   The hero narrator, the Adam, is betrayed by woman, the Eve.   Adam’s emotions had distorted his perception; Eve was his only companion, and the loss of her would have been devastating.   Considering his emotions had trapped him, Adam had no option but to follow Eve.   â€Å"Araby† seems to be Joyce’s comment on the Genesis story.   Joyce indicates to the reader that Adam had no choice except to eat the prohibited fruit.   Adam was paralyzed, similar to the narrator in â€Å"Araby† and many other characters of Dubliners.   

Security organizations and counterterrorism

It is explicitly declared in the manual that Muslim religious goals and quests can not be attained except by force though bombings, assassinations, as well as wanton slaughter of human beings. Anti-terror professionals are thus warned that it is almost futile to try to engage such extremists in any from of dialogue since it has been implanted into their conscious selves that only force and aggression can yield fruits. Counterterrorism efforts should thus not have discussion as one of the ways to manage terrorism since the militias are not responsive to dialogue.The manual declares that Muslims can only resist the alleged condition of unawareness by being united and conforming to Muslim religious ideals. Counterterrorist experts are thus informed to be vigilant and wary of Islamic groupings since such are the ideal places where Islamic militias congregate, strategize, and share ideas. The terrorism guidebook offers three key principles necessary for establishing Islamic military organ izations, which include: organization advisory committee and commander; soldiers; and a clearly-defined plan.This informs counterterrorism experts that Islamic terrorists are well-organized groups with a clear hierarchical power struc6ture. It is thus prudent to carry out a systematic dismantling of such organizations for effective handling of terrorism. Such measures would include firsts identifying the actual persons involved in terror activities, from planners to implementers, and then directly dealing with individual persons (Terrorist Training Manual, 2000).Several requirements for the Islamic military organizations are listed including: counterfeit money and fake documents; apartments plus hiding quarters; means of communication; means of transport; ammunition and arms; information; and transport. This implies that such Islamists are well prepared and hence counterterrorism personnel ought to have superior preparedness and planning in order to effectively tackle terrorism. Amo ng the missions of Islamic military organizations is to kidnap enemy documents, personnel, arms, and secrets.Counterterrorism experts are thus required to be vigilant in securing such entities at all times, particularly those belonging to nations which are ideological enemies with Islamic regimes. The assassination of overseas tourists and enemy personnel is another mission of Islamic militias. Counterterrorism should therefore seek to ensure the safety of tourists abroad by either offering guidelines on safe places to visit or issuing travel advisories if there is reason to fear for the safety of tourists while overseas.Another mission of Muslim jihadists is the spreading of rumors as well as issuing statements that incite the masses against he perceived enemy. Counterterrorism should thus aim to try to prevent the publication of such inciting statements, intercept and destroy them before they reach their target audience or destroy the places where they are produced. The jihadists as well have the mission of bombing and obliterating embassies plus attacking important financial centers.This calls for heightened and vigilant surveillance on the overseas facilities such as embassies and business premises owned by regimes which the Muslim jihadists consider as enemies. The jihadists also aim to blow up bridges linking cities with neighboring areas as one of their missions. It is vital for counterterrorism personnel to be on the lookout and secure vital bridges to avert any possible strikes. Recruits into the jihadist movement ought to be Muslims. This implies that counterterrorism personnel ought to concentrate on Muslim characters when managing terrorism.Members as well should be mature, that is of the age of majority. Counterterrorism should thus focus on mature Muslim persons when investigating terror activities. One requirement for membership is the ability and commitment top keep secrets even from the closest persons. Counterterrorism experts ought o be ther efore aware that it is hard to extract information from such terrorists and hence devise efficient methods of getting such information (Terrorist Training Manual, 2000).Regarding operational moneys, it is stated that they are to be split into 2 parts, with one segment going into schemes that provide monetary returns, while the other is kept to be spent only in the course of operations. This informs counterterrorism experts that the jihadists operate decoy projects which they use to earn cash for furthering their military objectives. Therefore, any enterprises having Muslim connections ought to be fully investigated to establish their owners, financiers and beneficiaries.The jihadists’ photos on traveling documents ought not to have a beard according to the manual. This should inform counterterrorism experts that the old notion that Muslims and jihadists always wear beards should be discarded so as to be able to effectively investigate the activities of suspect Muslims. Agreem ents are to be rent4ed preferably on ground floors to permit easy escape as well as digging ditches. Counterterrorism experts should thus be on the lookout particularly for suspects who live on ground floors when investigating terrorism activities.Apartments are to be rented preferably within newly-developed localities because people in such areas generally do not know each other and hence strangers are not as easily identifiable as in older neighborhoods. Counterterrorism experts therefore should particularly carry out surveillance in such neighborhoods for any suspicious characters. Organization members are instructed to offer information that is bound to mislead security agencies when they discover that their telephone conversations are being tapped into.This further complicates the work of counterterrorism agencies since they ought to be wary of volunteer information that is purported to implicate militants. Proper vetting and scrutiny of any informer-derived information is impo rtant to make sure that security agencies do not fall into the tricks of the jihadists and hence end up unnecessarily wasting time and possible resources (Terrorist Training Manual, 2000). The guidebook states that training venues for Islamic military organizations ought t to be located far away from areas with may people.Counterterrorism agencies therefore have got to conduct searches for such training sites away from major cities and towns preferably in the countryside where there are few people residing therein. The Islamic organization generally avoids overcrowded place such as, train stations, cafes, and recreation places. Security and counterterrorism agencies ought to specifically target less crowded places when carrying out anti-terrorism activities. Members of the organization carrying out strike operations are instructed not to appear Muslim-like and if possible, to completely disguise themselves.This is a challenge for security and counter-terror agencies since it appears like it is pointless to target and investigate overt Muslims regarding terrorism. Priority should be placed on members of the public who do not have outward Muslim appearances. Fighters in the Muslim military organization are taught beforehand about the answers to provide to security forces in the event that they are intercepted. Security agencies thus ought to be a bit more creative and flexible regarding the questions they field to suspects during interrogations.Routine, standard, and typical questions ought to be avoided. Questions should be asked depending on the environment so as to gather useful facts and surprise the Islamists into disclosing valuable information. The guidebook contains instructions to the effect that surveillance vehicle number plates and make should be similar to those of target vehicles. This should appropriately inform security agencies to be cautious when trailing or attacking suspicious vehicles as innocent persons, with cars matching the terroristsâ⠂¬â„¢ vehicle, may be involved.The Islamic organization is seemingly using ciphers according to the guidebook. Security organizations and counterterrorism personnel ought to be well versed with the various systems of cipher text currently employed so as to accurately and speedily interpret information when it is intercepted to facilitate quick and appropriate action (Terrorist Training Manual, 2000). Members of the Islamic organization are instructed not to confess of their involvement with the jihadist movement if they get arrested and are brought to trial.Security agencies should be aware that such characters will not provide any useful information that could lead to the dismantling of the terrorist cells. Other methods of obtaining information, other than interrogation and questioning ought to be developed to ensure effective handling of the terrorists and their activities. Members are as well instructed to be observant, alert, and watchful of the places they are interrogated at, which mostly are security facilities, so as to relay information to the jihadist movement regarding the physical set up of such buildings.This should ring a bell in security circles and appropriate places of interrogation should be created to avoid letting the Islamic militia get to know the set up of government facilities in case they plan future attacks on the same. Reference Terrorist Training Manual (May 2000). Provided courtesy of the Behavioral Analysis Program, Operational Training Unit, Counterintelligence Division, FBI Headquarters.

Wednesday, July 17, 2019

Mobile Ip

Checkpoint on-going State of liquid IP Lori J. Babler IT241 September 29, 2011 Richard Pierce Checkpoint Current State of Mobile IP afterward completing some internet look into on Mobile IP, I sight that it is currently beingness used in situations where a Mobile Network is required. A Mobile Network is a in both wireless network in which its devices be continuously moving and never in truth in one particular place. A completely Mobile Network requires that the devices in spite of appearance it have two simultaneous IP Addresses one of which is used for local networking rancid of the local router and an other(a) which is used when roaming into other networks.The obvious advantage to this technology is that winding devices can have continuous company with the internet or a alert network without any interruption of service. The single out that I felt was important is that the hostile IP address hosts must be configured as such (GANGULY, 2009). I whole tone that what is holding Mobile IP back is the fact that this technology is not seen by the user it isnt association to the user. Only the network administrators or engineers ar aware of the configuration required to run through this technology.I also feel that because the contrary IP Hosts require configuration to establish Mobile IP that there is a lapse in its popularity. Another affectionate reason is that the technology is still being perfected (GANGULY, 2009) and once that occurs I feel it will boom. I do mean that this technology will become a standard for mobile computing finally but just as with all technology, society needs to catch up with it first. Reference GANGULY, K. (2009). The Study of Mobile IP Retrieved from www. cs. wichita. edu/chang/lecture/cs843/project/ /kg-mobile_ip. do

Tuesday, July 16, 2019

Gantt Chart for Execution of House Construction Essay

Gantt Chart for Execution of House Construction Essay

Be specific with the sort of graph deeds that youd like to create.Explanation of Gantt Chart (refer appendix)The overall activity has been planned for a time long span of 9 months. The activities have been classified as what follows Excavation (A) : This is the first stage where archaeological excavation for the house columns needs to be carried out. The lead time for this physical activity is one month. This is a process which is labor first intensive and needs to be completed as per the architectural drawing.Charts early may be used by different entities in undertakings logical and many projects.Once excavation is complete the next stage is of RCC which involves making corinthian columns and beams of the house. Once the structure is 75 % complete we can simultaneously continue with the next stage of brickwork [C].The achievement of try this milestone will not hamper activity C but due caution has to be exercised that the activity gets completed by the fourth next month form the project starting date as it is the start of activity D and E. old Brickwork (C) Along with brickwork the other activities Electrical (D) and Plumbing (E) consider also need to be commenced upon the completion of stage B and 50 % of stage C as the electrical pipes and fittings need to be covered inside the walls.

Through Gantt chart that is wireless internet it is simple to construct timeline logical and implementation practice and your job chart.Plastering (F) After successful completion of electrical and plumbing work we can start keyword with the internal plastering activity. However external internal plastering can be carried out when 50 % of stage D and E are complete.This is the second third milestone. At this stage it is important to synchronize actual project execution with the planned.Since youre able to observe the under chart template, such as a landmark to every easy task will help reach them and to concentrate on the project.Gantt charts are best for new strategies and projects.

In both compact logical and big projects Gantt graphs are utilized due to this simplicity.Each job takes 10 days to finish, and every task is determined by the former job.Its other possible to also cite the concurrent tasks that moral ought to be achieved in addition to the tasks.This great undertaking ought to be presented in a word long table utilizing a picture format.

Without these charts you cannot have to take care of the project.The graph uses fashions brief proper to your requirements that are different.If you would like to create a Gantt chart of your own it is possible to proceed and examine the Gantt graph logical and may use it in order to do it.Gantt chart can help to extend a distinguished logical and rich screen which delivers a visual effect that is terrific.

Monday, July 15, 2019

Films by Pasolini Essay

Psln bgn shtng hs frst flm, cctn, n ctbr 1960. Hs mv nt flm ws th trmnus d qum f th 1958-9 crss n hs wrk, nd n hs publc rl, dscussd n Prt . Th ttmpt t crt smulcr f nncnc nd uthntcty wthn ltrry lnongonococcal urethritisg, b grease-gun n Frul nd crrd vr nt hs Rmn wrk, hd fld, nd wrttn lnongonococcal urethritisg hd bcm n lntng frc.Th mst strkng ntl vdnc f Pslns nd t cnfrnt th tndncy f th mdum t slnc th frst-prsn s fund n hs rptd ssrtns f uthrty, hs ttmpts t hero sandwichrdnt th pr-flmc t tht uthrty, nd th prdng wthn th flms thmslvs f vrusly undrscrd mrkrs f rflxvty. trnspsd nd sublmtd frm f oftentimes(prenominal) drct slf-rfrnc s thn shwn n th ttmpt t pprprt nd clur th tchnlgy nd tchnqus f th mdum fr stylstc, subjctv nds.Styl ds nt mrk th prsnc f th subjctv s a lot s suggst ts mmnnc crss th flmc nd th pr-flmc, wthn th syntgmtc frms f rprsnttn tslf, nd ths cncptn f styl s subjctv sgnfyng prctc fllws pttrn smlr t tht vncd n Pslns p castigate nd ndd hs ltr jurnlsm. thrd xs fllws th ctv rl plyd by pr-flmc, ntrtxtul gnss, thrugh frms practically(prenominal) s th scrnply, n dtrmnng th hrmnutc sttus f th flm.nd ths n persuade lds t n nvstgtn f tw spcts f mnng n flm wth prfund mplctns fr th lctn nd mpct f flmc slfhd mtphr nd flm-tm. n cnclusn, ll ths xs r sundd ut tgthr n cnsdrtn f thr mpct n th cnstructn f spcttrl subjctvty n Pslns cnm. Pslns blf n hs cpcty t mps hs vc n ny mdum, dspt ts cnstrnts, ws rffrmd nd ndd ntnsfd by hs xprnc wth flm. H rptdly ssrtd hs utnmy nd uthrty s n utur, cnfdntly dclrng hs cntrl vr vry spct f th flm-mkng prcss.Th prncpl mthd Psln dptd t frgrund ths lmst pthlgcl nsstnc n th sngl rgn f flm dscurs ws t dsrupt th nturlsm f flm. nd ndd, h ftn usd nn-prfssnl ctrs, usully frnds nd cquntncs, frm bth th brgt nd frm Rms ltrry mlux. s wth asleep(p)r f thr spcts f hs cnm, ths prfrnc hs ts rts n n-rlsm, only when Pslns rprs f t wrks t undrmn th nturlstc ffcts f n-rlst nd trdtnl cnm n gnrl.H dsrupts th smth mmss nd mtv nturlnss f nrrt v cnm, wht h wuld ltr cll cnm d prs (prs cnm), nd tnds twrds rw, unplshd mmdcy. vn n hs prsnl rpprts wth nn-prfssnl ctrs, h st hmslf gnst th xplttv r prfssnl pttrn f trdtnl drctr-ctr rltns, nd lkd fr n mmdcy rmnscnt n sm wys f th pdggc ntmcy nd nncnc f th Fruln prd. Th xclusn f prfssnl ctrs ws, hwvr, fr frm cnsstnt, nd hs uss nd trtmnt f thm rvls ntrstng nsghts nt mthds f chvng cntrl vr th mdum.Sm f th mjr ctrs h mplyd wr nn Mgnn, wh plyd Mmm Rm, rsn Wlls, th drctr n L rctt, Slvn Mngn nd ld Vll n dp, Tto n Uccllcc ucclln nd th shrts Ch cs sn l nuvl? nd L trr vst dll lun, Trnc Stmp n Trm, Mr Clls n Md, nd th lst culd cntnu t nclud Ug Tgnzz, Prr Clemnt, Juln Bck mng thrs. Sm f ths, such s Mgnn nd Stmp, wr mpsd by prducrs.nd th n-st clsh btwn Mgnn nd Psln rgrdng thr rspctv rls ws dff madness nd t tms trumtc. Pslns tpd shtng-dry f Mmm Rm, publshd n th scrnply, dscrbs wry prcss f fld cmng t trms, wth th drctr nsstng n hs rght t ttl cntrl vr ctn nd ntrprttn n th fc f th ctrsss dscncrtd rsstnc nd nstnct fr chrctrztn nd cntnuty. n svrl css, strtgy smlr t hs msrdng f Gr disseminated multiple sclerosis nd Shlly n L cnr d Gr atomic number 62 cn b dscrnd n hs us f ctrs.Thy r dsplcd frm thr prfssnl cpcty s plyrs f fctnl rls t cnnt sm prcvd nhrnt, cnc qulty r mnng. Th dstblztn f mmtc ctng s rnfrcd by dlbrt rfusl f prprtn, mtnl r thrws, n th ctrs. Lk Flln, nd n nthr n-rlst clqu becomed gnst nturlst nds, Psln wuld nstruct ctrs nly whl shtng ws n prgrss, prducng n unnturl spntnty ut f tun wth stutnl rlsm.Th frst scn f ccttn s strkng xmpl f ths mthd, shwng srs f frcdly lughng fcs whch mck nd dsturb th vwr s wll s ccttn, cmplmntng th pprssv sunlght whch dmnts th lndscp, s t wll thrughut th flm. n 1965 ntrvw, Psln xplnd hw n rdr t chv sutbl lntng ffct f ths knd h wuld fd ln t n ctr (bungrn, hll), nd ltr call t wth smthng qut dffrnt (t d, ht yu).7 nd pst-synchrnzd dlgu tslf, yt nthr ftur ssctd wth n-rlsm, s furthr mprtnt lmnt n hs cmpgn gnst th ntrprttv, nrrtv frc f ctng. ut f stp wth th nuvll vgu nd mst cntmprry cnm, Psln nt nly dd nt rgrt th ncssty fr dubbng, merely pstvly vlud t s nthr gurntr f th unnturl dssnnc f th whl, nd f th mnvlncy f th spkng subjct thnk dubbng nrchs chrctr t s prt f my tst fr pstch t rss chrctr ut f th zn f nturlsm.Dubbng nd cuntrpnt btwn ctr nd dlgu cntr exactly sgnfcntly t Pslns mst lbrt xplrtn f hs subjctv nt-nturlsm, L rctt. Th squnc f th thrw-wy cmc rfrn, l crn (th crwn), fllwng th Drctrs cll fr th crwn f thrns, s n f th flms mst rnc nd ptntlly blsphmus mmnts, n Psln hd t dfnd n curt gnst th ccustn f cntmpt fr th Stt Rlgn.Svrl thr spcts f flm-mkng r subjct t smlr ffcts f cntrlld dssnnc s tht prducd by th us f ctrs. Fr xmpl, th chc f genus Musc fr dlbrt ffcts f cuntrpnt wth th mg r nrrtv s strkng ftur f hs mst succssful flms. Smlrly, Pslns wn cncptns f cstum dsgn tk n n ncrsngly sgnfcnt rl wth th pstch f Rnssnc cngrphy n L rctt nd Vngl, nd ltr th lbrt, simply mrkdly nuthntc r unfmlr crtns fr th figment flm s dp nd Md.Frm Trm n, Psln vn ctd s hs wn cmrmn. nd fnlly, simply cruclly, snc t bnds th ssu f uthrty mst drctly t th bdrck f rlty rprsntd n/by flm, th crful srch fr lctns, vldtd s n utnmus dscursv prctc by th rls f svrl rcnnssnc flms, s ls cnstructd s hrmnutc prctc undrtkn by th uthr.Sprlugh n Plstn pr l Vngl scnd Mtt (1964), ppuntpr un flm sullnd (1968), nd ppuntpr n rstd frcn (1970) ll shw th nqurng, crtv uthr fgur s th pvtl crdntr f th dffus lmnts whch wll mk up th sgnfyng mtrx f th flm-n-th-mkng. t s clr tht, n gnrl, Pslns cnm frcbly tnds twrds th nn-cllbrtv, s Brtn pntdly ssrts Pslns cnm cn thrfr b qulfd s wrk f mnpultn, nt f cllbrtn. sngl vsn s ll, nd thr ndvduls incisively s much(prenominal) s pr transmission channeln structurs r t b nutrlzd n sm wy. H mnpults, dsturbs nd rnws th pr-flmc n th hp tht t wll srv hm s n dm fr slf-xprssn, much s h hd, fr xmpl, crtd hs wn ntnsly xprssv Fruln dlct, flxbl nugh t chllng th wrn, pctursqu trdtn f dlct p move on nd ltr t dpt th d lgcl bggg f ppulr sng wthut scrfcng xprssvty nd cntrl.Bth cnm nd Fruln rprsnt, ntlly t lst, lnongonococcal urethritisgs n prvlgd, vn mystcl cntct wth rlty n th n hnd, nd wth th slf n th thr. memorymntl dffrncs dvd th tw, f curs, nd nt lst th vdnt tnsn btwn th mss udnc f cnm nd Pslns mpuls twrds ntmt slf-xprssn, s ppsd t th symbss btwn slf nd ddrss n Mgl. Nvrthlss, t s n surprs t nt prpndrnc f mgs nd tp nd pttrns f slf-rprsnttn fmlr frm pst growth hormonetc r utbgrphcl mmnts such s th Fruln prd.f, thn, th rhtrc f Pslns pprprtn f th pr-flmc s r line d unum, r t lst ttmpts t b s, th sngl vc t crts s flld ut nd rnfrcd by rng f rflxv rfrncs whch nds t b lucdtd. n mvng frm th uthrty t cntrl th mdum f flm t th chrctrstcs f th flms thmslvs, w mv frm th pr-flmc t th flmc, only when w rmn wthn th bunds f chsv ttmpt t slf-xprssn r slf-rprsnttn, amply cnscus f th prcsss nd lnongonococcal urethritisg f tht mdum.Tw prmry ctgrs f slf-rfrnc prt n Pslns flms slf-rprsnttn nd rchtypl fgurtn. T h frst cnssts thr f prsnl pprncs n flm r vld utbgrphcl slf-prtrtur. Th rng nd ntur f ths llusns rcll lmnts f utbgrphcl frgmnttn nd trnspstn dscussd wth rfrnc t p extend n Chptr 4, entirely thy prt wth lss fludty nd lss spcfcty.Thr r strghtfrwrd nstncs f nn-dgtc pprncs n d sourcentrs such s Cmz dmr nd L mur d Sn, whr Psln s bth strt-ntrvwr nd vc-vr, richly dntfd wth th ntllctul prjct f th flms, mdtng, rspctvly, btwn tttuds t sxulty nd btwn dead-end street de sacturl hstrs. Mr ntrstng r hs spr cmmntrs nd ntrrgtns f lndscps nd ppl n th lctn flms whch nstgt dlgu btwn hmslf nd rlty ldd wth ptntl mnng, r ptntl flmc rt impassetn f mnng.s s gnrlly th cs wth d semenntrs f ths knd, th vc-vr, nd th crrspndng rl-tm prsnc f th uthr, crt srt f mtlnongonococcal urethritisg whch gvs psud-untry nd hstrcl chrnc t th slf, s t frms nd dcphrs frgmnts f rlty. Slf-rprsnttn s ls fund Pslns flms n lss drct frms f utbgrphcl slf-prtrtur, ftn bsd n blqu llusn.xmpls wuld nclud th cstng f hs mthr, genus Susnn ClussPsln, s th ldr Vrgn Mry n Vngl, chng th dntfctn btwn slf nd Chrst n hs ptry th ntrncng prlgu nd plgu f dp, lsly bsd n hs brth nd rly chldhd th drctr plyd by rsn Wlls n L rctt, whs sttus s n rnc, cllpsng vrsn f Psln s md xplct by hs stnttus rctl f prt f pm frm th scrnply f Mmm Rm th crw n Uccllcc ucclln, s lrdy ndctd th unnmd clnl tchr n th unflmd scrnply l pdr slvgg wh cnflts Pslns vsn f th Thrd Wrld wth hs frmtv ntllctul xprncs s tchr nd nsprr f yung pts nd rtsts n th 1940s. Ths nstncs shw frgmnts f th slfs hstry, r f ts hstrgrphy, syncdchclly trnspsd nt flm. such(prenominal) trnspstns r f curs ftn nvsbl t th unnttd spcttr, alone thr prsnc s ftn cryptclly sgnlld, s ccurs n L rctt, nd n Uccllcc ucclln, whr th crw s dntfd by n ntrttl s lft-wng ntllctul frm bfr th dth f Plmr Tgltt.Th sgnls indeed pnt mr t prblms f subjctvty nd flmc utbgrphy thn t th spcfc subjct nd ts hstry. Ths s cnfrmd by th prsstnt us f cuntrpnts t such sgnls, whch crt strn n th slfrprsnttn nt un lk tht pprnt n Pslns prsnl pprncs. Fr xmpl, th mplct dntfctn n Vngl btwn uthr nd Chrst, v th mthr-Vrgn Mry, s cuntrd nd cmplctd by subsdry nlgs wth Juds th pwr f L rctt ls n ts dpctn f th cllps f th slf nd th crw f Uccllcc ucclln s smlrly lrdy slf-n-crss-ltrlly dsmbdd nd ltr dsmbwlldnd s clrly nt qut nd nt lwys smpl muthpc fr fxd utur.Pttrns f dtchmnt nd slf-dsvwl wthn th rflxv trps f ch flm prpr fr lss rgd nd lss uthr-bsd rdngs f th wrk f subjctvty n flm, pnng up fr ntrrgtn fld f thr pssbl subjctvts (flmc, spcttrl), thrugh wknd fgurng f th sngl subjct. Th prjctn f th slf nt chrctrs f flm, lthugh ftn mbvlnt nd dscntnuus n ts bndng, crts subjctv xs prlll t th dgtc trck t s, t hrt, utbgrphcl. St crss tht prlll xs, hwvr, s n xs f sublmtd slf-xprssn n nn-dgtc fturs, such s mgry, lndscp, slf-ctng nrrtv mtfs nd thr mds f rprsnttn w cn dscrb ths xs s stylstc. lmnts f Pslns wn thry llumnt hr. H nlyss cnm usng ctgrs f prs-styl, nd n prtculr ntrr mnlgu nd styl ndrct lbr.Bth ths tchnq us nvlv th dptn by th uthr f th psychlgy nd lnongonococcal urethritisg f chrctr, besides th ntur f th xrcs s ncssrly prtxtul, whch llws th uthr t spk n th frst prsn. Hnc, n prctc, th chrctr cn nly b f th sm culturl frmtn s th (burgs) uthr. Th pprnt prjctn f th slf nt th thr s dvc fr nutrlzng thrnss th burgs, fnlly, n cnm ls, rdntfs tslf wth th whl f strumnty, n n rrtnlstc ntrclsssm. T cmbt ths smthrng f dffrnclthugh f curs th thrtcl frmultn s pstrrPslns Rmn nvls hd ttmptd n mmrsn n th cultur f th undrclsss v phllgcl, d cumntry nd thrfr nn-stylstc rsrch.Th cnvs f mrs drwn n Rgzz d vt nd Un vt vlnt, nd much f li dgl cch zzurr, rls n drct lnongonococcal urethritisg dnudd f th cndscndng, ppulst ssmltn utlnd n l cnm d ps, bsd nstd upn r-vctn f th ns f crtn rlty, ts prsnc flt physclly r rlly. Thr r nstncs f uthrl fgurs (. g. Gubl, Ntt sullS, li dgl cch zzurr), nevertheless th subjctvty rprssd t th shopc rmrgs rthr n dscrptv nd nrrtv pssgs, n th ltrry ntrstcs f th phllgcl rcnstru ctn, whch hv ld crtcs t tlk f cntmnt f styls n Pslns prs wrks.Th prncpl vhcl f subjctvty thr s th tchnqu f th nvlstc dm r gnr rthr thn n th styllss ns f th rlty dpctd. Th trnspstn t cnm s, pprntly, drct. Hr, t, nd prtculrly n th rly brgt flms (ccttn, Mmm Rm, L rctt), t s thrugh tchnqu tht Psln nsrts th subjctv vc. H hmslf rptdly nd dsngnuusly plyd dwn th swtch t cnm s mrly rnwl f tchnqu. Cnsstnt us f strng frnt- nd bck-lghtng, nt blncd by ky- nd fll-lght pstns whch crt plstc thr-dmnsnl dpth, s wll s strng nturl sunlght, nhnc th tw-dmnsnl cngrphc ffct, s ds th strkng us f Bchs chrl genus Musc. plainly ll f ths dvcs dpnd fr thr pwr n cuntrpnt wth th miles per hourtclly bs, nd t tms mmrl nd squld nrrtv cntnt. Whn th pmp ccttn dvs crucfrm nt th Tbr frm bsd n f Brnns ngls n th Pnt Snt ngl, n sght f St Ptrs nd rcllng Ptrs nvrtd crucfxn, th scn cqurs xprssv mpct bcus ccttn s n rchtypl rgzz d vt, dnd ccss t th cntr nd hstry f l crstn ctta hs fld, prdc mrtyrdm s fr bt but tng ptts. Smpl nrrtv bths bcms mr cmplx tkn f mbguty t th lvl f tchncl ffct. unspoilt s Pslns fscntn wth fcsbsssv n Vngl, whr th psnts r crrltv t th lndscp, nd t th hstrcl nd mythcl lmnts f th Gspl stry (nd smlrly n th lctn flms)s ssntl nd mtrl nd nvr psychlgcl, s th juxtpstns n ccttn r nvr cuchd n ffcts f mtnl mpthy r crng utrg. Thy r somatotropic hormonetclly frml, however ls mtrl, lwys t th srvc f dsplcd frms f xprssn, f subjctv nscrptn nt flm nd nt rlty. plant life Cited 1. Gordon, Robert S. C. (1996). Pasolini Forms of Subjectivity. Oxford. 2. Stack, O. (1969) Pasolini on Pasolini, capital of the United Kingdom Thames and Hudson. 3. Gerard, F. (1981). Pasolini ou le mythe de la barbarie. capital of Belgium Editions de lUniversite. 4. Lapsley, R. and Westlake, M. (1988). exposure Theory.An insertion Manchester Manchester University Press. 5. Baranski, Z. (1985). The Texts of Il Vangelo secondo Matteo, in The Italianist, pp. 77-106. 6. Bettetini, G. (1973). The lyric poem and techniq ue of The characterisation, translated by D. Osmond-Smith, The Hagua, genus Paris Mouton. 7. Marcus, M. (1986). Italian movie theater in the inflammation of Neorealism. Princeton Princeton University Press. Filmography 1. Accattone, do 1960-1, released 1961. 2. ma Roma, make and released 1962. 3. La ricotta, 1962-1963. 4. Il Vangelo secondo Matteo, 1964. 5. Uccellacci e uccellini, 1965-1966. 6. Edipo re, 1967. 7. Medea, 1969. 8. Appunti per unOrestiade africana, 1969-1975.